tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8162333741010638352024-02-02T16:38:33.861-08:00terremoto de Managua del 23 de diciembre de 1972DEBATES SOBRE LA ARQUITECTURAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06573709105299668595noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-816233374101063835.post-42170950918067639332012-04-13T07:07:00.003-07:002014-07-29T07:14:07.567-07:00<div style="text-align: justify;">
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ESTA PÁGINA SE PROPONE SER UN ESPACIO ABIERTO PARA COMPARTIR Y RECORDAR LA MANAGUA PASADA Y LA MANAGUA DE HOY, ANTES Y DESPUÉS DEL TERREMOTO OCURRIDO EL 23 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1972, FECHA DE LA QUE ESTE AÑO CONMEMORAMOS EL 40 ANIVERSARIO.</div>
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VOLVER AL <a href="http://postgrado-farq.blogspot.com/">INICIO</a></div>
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<span class="x-archive-meta-title">Perspective View with Landsat Overlay, Lakes Managua and Nicaragua</span> x NASA</h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3qLkQZJGkA9o4IO7U0h95M4Ki-HSx9fAXFFe-m2_3NBht6zJGw24-b6HgG7I_OjR8YCZP9CAbBpNeoTb90m3eyFSFKTptVTnytVgBef9sSzMN_8J83LZZ5tEUKk0-tDIsFELXgN_LP6Q/s1600/PIA03365.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3qLkQZJGkA9o4IO7U0h95M4Ki-HSx9fAXFFe-m2_3NBht6zJGw24-b6HgG7I_OjR8YCZP9CAbBpNeoTb90m3eyFSFKTptVTnytVgBef9sSzMN_8J83LZZ5tEUKk0-tDIsFELXgN_LP6Q/s640/PIA03365.jpg" height="483" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: blue; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">This perspective view shows Lakes Managua and Nicaragua near the Pacific coast of Nicaragua. Lake Managua is the 65-kilometer (40-mile)-long fresh water lake in the foreground of this south-looking view, emptying via the Tipitapa River into the much larger Lake Nicaragua in the distance. The capital city of Managua, with a population of more than 500,000, is located along the southern shore of Lake Managua, the area with the highest population density in Nicaragua. The physical setting of Lake Managua is dominated by the numerous volcanic features aligned in a northwest-southeast axis. The cone-like feature in the foreground is Momotombo, a 1,280-meter (4,199-foot)-high stratovolcano located on the northwest end of the lake. Two water-filled volcanic craters (Apoyegue and Jiloa volcanoes) reside on the Chiltepe Peninsula protruding into the lake from the west. Two volcanoes can also be seen on the island of Ometepe in Lake Nicaragua: El Maderas rising to 1,394 meters (4,573 feet) and the active El Conception at 1,610 meters (5,282 feet). This three-dimensional perspective view was generated using topographic data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and an enhanced false-color Landsat 7 satellite image. Colors are from Landsat bands 5, 4, and 2 as red, green and blue, respectively. Topographic expression is exaggerated two times. Landsat has been providing visible and infrared views of the Earth since 1972. SRTM elevation data matches the 30-meter resolution of most Landsat images and will substantially help in analyses of the large and growing Landsat image archive. The Landsat 7 Thematic Mapper image used here was provided to the SRTM by the United States Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center, Sioux Falls, S.D. Elevation data used in this image was acquired by the SRTM aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour, launched on February 11, 2000. SRTM used the same radar instrument that comprised the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew twice on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994. SRTM was designed to collect three-dimensional measurements of the Earth's surface. To collect the 3-D data, engineers added a 60-meter-long (200-foot) mast, installed additional C-band and X-band antennas, and improved tracking and navigation devices. The mission is a cooperative project between NASA, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the German and Italian space agencies. It is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, Washington, D.C. Size: scale varies in this perspective image Location: 12.1 degrees North latitude, 86.1degrees West longitude Orientation: looking South Image Data: Landsat bands 5, 4, 3 as red, green, blue respectively Original Data Resolution: SRTM 30 meters (99 feet) Date Acquired: February 2000 (SRTM)</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>A. TEXTOS:</u></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://ugarte-analisis-vulnerabilidad.blogspot.com/" style="background-color: orange;">1. Dr. Armando Ugarte (Facultad de Arquitectura, UNI), Análisis de Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo Sísmico a partir de InvestigacionesGeólogo-Geofísicas y Metodología de Modelación de Escenarios de Riesgo Sísmico enManagua, Nicaragua, artículo publicado en la Revista Nexo, octubre 2009</a><br />
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://ugarte-sismo-masaya.blogspot.com/" style="background-color: orange;">2. Dr. Armando Ugarte (Facultad de Arquitectura, UNI), <i>Lecciones del sismo de Masaya</i></a></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=RWdrpoemFR2O160xR" style="background-color: orange;">3. Engineering Report on the Managua Earthquake of 23 December 1972</a><br />
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<a href="http://tetontectonics.org/Publications/Ward1974TiscapaFault.pdf" style="background-color: orange;">4. Aftershocks of the Managua, Nicaragua, earthquake and the tectonic significance of the Tiscapa fault</a><br />
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<span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=ZpSH1dx0s2NLN24uoj" style="background-color: orange;">5. Earthquake Engineering Research 1982</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=8u1os8bnNwWoCsTUomC" style="background-color: orange;">6. E.G. Squier, Nicaragua: its People, Scenery, Monuments, and the proposed Interoceanic Canal, vol. 1</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=9QCFrB9VZ08KNhz6MKanAdzf" style="background-color: orange;">7. E.G. Squier, Nicaragua: its People, Scenery, Monuments, and the proposed Interoceanic Canal, vol. 2</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=C5x8Rw4HMQbxnZbWBIW#/0/view" style="background-color: orange;">8. Efemérides de los Hechos Notables acaecidos en la República de CentroAmérica desde el Año 1821 hasta el de 1842</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=tvkxzhD6DJXC7tdAVJx43M" style="background-color: orange;">9. Notes sur les tremblements de terre en 1862, avec suppléments pour les années antérieures</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=z3oP2xx6jcONXJFVyLzq" style="background-color: orange;">10. Notes on Malaria Control in Managua, Nicaragua</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=dLtOqWnzyBG0TDD" style="background-color: orange;">11. Survival Strategies for a rapidly changing mixed economy: the resilience of Managua's informal sector 1995</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.pageflip-flap.com/read?r=jY6cnLO3PL4ocTde" style="background-color: orange;">12. Memorias de INCAE 1970-1982</a><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><u><b>B. SITIOS WEB:</b></u></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://taishin.wsiefusion.net/">http://taishin.wsiefusion.net/</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1972_12_23.php">http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1972_12_23.php</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1972_12_23_photos.php">http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1972_12_23_photos.php</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://sandinorebellion.com/PhotoPgs/PhotosUSNA2.htm">http://sandinorebellion.com/PhotoPgs/PhotosUSNA2.htm</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://www.guaduabamboo.com/bamboo-disaster-relief.html">http://www.guaduabamboo.com/bamboo-disaster-relief.html</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=437134">http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=437134</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://www.google.com.ni/imgres?hl=es&biw=984&bih=683&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=Bu1dXKRM8ncMiM:&imgrefurl=http://www.wix.com/nicaraguanrevolution/nicaraguanrev">http://www.google.com.ni/imgres?hl=es&biw=984&bih=683&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=Bu1dXKRM8ncMiM:&imgrefurl=http://www.wix.com/nicaraguanrevolution/nicaraguanrev</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/architec/architecturalstructure/StructuralElements/ProperSelections/NonStructuralComponents/NonStructuralComponents.htm">http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/architec/architecturalstructure/StructuralElements/ProperSelections/NonStructuralComponents/NonStructuralComponents.htm</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/architec/architecturalstructure/StructuralElements/ProperSelections/DefenseLines/DefenseLines.htm">http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/architec/architecturalstructure/StructuralElements/ProperSelections/DefenseLines/DefenseLines.htm</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://thebackpackershandbook.com/2009/11/04/the-1972-managua-earthquake-a-city-destroyed/">http://thebackpackershandbook.com/2009/11/04/the-1972-managua-earthquake-a-city-destroyed/</a>
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<span style="background-color: lime;"><a href="http://webserver2.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/sis/managua72/chavez/isosistas.html">http://webserver2.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/sis/managua72/chavez/isosistas.html</a>
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<a href="http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/303/wk11/NICearthquake.htm" style="background-color: lime;">http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/303/wk11/NICearthquake.htm</a>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>C. VÍDEOS:</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1. SOBRE EL TERREMOTO DE 1972 (17 VÍDEOS)</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.1. Managua 1972</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.2. Calasanz de Managua destruido en el terremoto de diciembre</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.3. Earthquake in Nicaragua 1972</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.4. Lessons from Managua</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.5. Lo que fue de Managua</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">1.6. Managua Earthquake 1972</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.7. Managua Nicaragua 1972</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.8. Managua 1972 Después del Terremoto</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">1.9. Nicaragua 1972 Earthquake and Revolutionay War</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.10. Nicaragua Earthquake 1972-1990 Antes y Después del Terremoto</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.11. Nicaragua Managua Terremoto 1972 Requiem a una ciudad muerta de Pedro Rafael Gutiérrez 1/3</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.12. </span><span style="color: red;">Nicaragua Managua Terremoto 1972 Requiem a una ciudad muerta de Pedro Rafael Gutiérrez 2/3</span>
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<span style="color: red;">1.13. </span><span style="color: red;">Nicaragua Managua Terremoto 1972 Requiem a una ciudad muerta de Pedro Rafael Gutiérrez 3/3</span>
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<span style="color: red;">1.14. Tackling Urban Risk Nicaragua</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.15. Simulación Edificio Aíslado</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1.16. Peace Hope Trust Earthquake Resistant House</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">1.17. Entrevista con Fabio Gadea sobre el Terremoto de 1972</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">2. SOBRE EL TERREMOTO DE 1931 (3 VÍDEOS)</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">2.1. Earthquake Managua 1931</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">2.2. Managua antes del Terremoto de 1931</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">2.3. Se cumplen 78 años del Terremoto que devastó Managua</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3. DE LA SOCIEDAD ALREDEDOR DE LOS DOS TERREMOTOS (11 VÍDEOS)</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3.1. Nicaragua 1940</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3.2. Nicaragua de Antaño 1940-1950</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3.3. Nicaragua del ayer 1969-1970 Colección de Iván Hernández</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">3.4. Nicaragua Somoza Regime 1970's</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3.5. Managua, Nicaragua (in good times 1970)</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3.6. Sociedad nicaragüense (antes de la Revolución)</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">3.7. Vieja Managua, Nicaragua (Manfurt)</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">3.8. La ofensiva final sandinista</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3.9. Declaraciones del Presidente Somoza 1978</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3.10. La Caída de Somoza</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3.11. Nicaragua 1979</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">4. DE LA MANAGUA FUTURA (PROYECTOS DEL ARQ. ALFREDO OSORIO PETERS) </span><br />
<span style="color: red;">VS. MANAGUA DE HOY (3 VÍDEOS)</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">4.1. Nueva Managua</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">4.2. Edificio Portuario de Managua</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">4.3. Streets of Managua</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">5. PROYECTO TAISHIN (1 VÍDEO):</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">5.1. Capacitación Proyecto Taishin UNI</span><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>D. FOTOS:</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">1. DE LA VIEJA MANAGUA</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">2. DE MANAGUA DESPUÉS DEL TERREMOTO</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">3. DE MANAGUA DESPUÉS DEL TERREMOTO DE 1931</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>E. PRESENTACIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN </u></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>DE ESTE SITIO:</u></b></span></div>
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Este año 2012 se conmemora el 40 Aniversario del doloroso y último terremoto que, en la noche del 23 de diciembre de 1972, destruyó la ciudad capital de Managua, en su parte que se evoca desde entonces como la "Antigua Managua", parte doblemente histórica, ya que a la vez se ubicaba en el lugar de los asentamientos indígenas originales (de lo cual guarda recuerdo el nombre de Tiscapa), y porque representa para el poblador actual la expresión recién pasada de una ya fallecida ciudad centralizada versus la actual capital, tentacular, sin centro ni dirección.</div>
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Este triste pero necesario Aniversario nos invita a interrogarnos como ciudadanos acerca de un sinfín de cuestiones, tanto históricas como sociológicas, urbanísticas, políticas, etc.</div>
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Por ejemplo, planteaba muy justamente en alguna reunión el Arq. Nelson Brown Barquero el por qué fue elegido Managua como capital para resolver el pleito entre Granada y León, y no Mateare, Masaya, o Jinotepe.</div>
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También hemos, a nivel urbanístico, evocado, en artículos pasados del <i>Nuevo Amanecer Cultural</i>, la curiosa y muy peculiar interpretación del simbolismo de la ciudad moderna, de avenida según Mumford, por nuestra capital, la cual carece de puntos focales determinantes que justificarían sus numerosas tanto como inútiles, y desde un punto vial contraproducentes, rotondas.</div>
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Otros fenómenos recientes, son, por un parte, desde el terremoto del 72, pero incrementándose desde finales de los años 1990, el proceso incoherente y salvaje (en el doble sentido de no planificado y de producto de un capitalismo constructivista salvaje) de conurbación en Carretera Masaya y en Carretera Sur, ahora también en Carretera Vieja a León, y por otra parte, en los últimos años, la aparición, ideológicamente sostenible y éticamente justa, pero estéticamente insostenible y desde un punto de vista primero de los datos mundiales ya dados desde hace tiempo atrás por la sociología de la ciudad y segundo de preservación del patrimonio y del medioambiente totalmente desubicado, de las famosas "casas del pueblo".</div>
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Casitas que, si bien resuelven, como en buen nica solemos decir, a la gente más pobre y necesitada, no presentan ninguna característica arquitectónica valiosa, por lo que se vienen sumiendo al panorama desolador de nuestra ciudad capital, empeorándolo más aún todavía. Provocando, por decisión política, correcta, una vez más, desde un punto de vista social, pero incorrecta, desde un punto de vista de gestión territorial y urbana, la destrucción de los pocos edificios que habían sobrevivido al evocado terremoto de 1972.</div>
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Así se sobrepusieron las razones sociales a la preservación patrimonial. Lo cual, en primera lectura, es perfectamente válido, y hasta de alabar. Pero esta primera lectura, es, como lo son la mayoría de las veces las primeras lecturas, muy errónea. De hecho, ubicar en el mero centro de la ciudad, que es, queramos o no, de representación y etiqueta (de hecho imaginamos que por eso mismo se ha últimamente rescatado el antiguo Parque Central Rubén Darío, poniéndole luces nocturnas para el disfrute del pueblo, a pesar de que este lugar sea, hoy en día, de lo más excéntrico, respecto de la nueva des-"organización" de nuestra ciudad-capital - misma razón que, en gobiernos anteriores, hicieron que se pusieron la también famosa Concha Acústica en el misma malecón, que está pegado al Parque Darío, a pesar de que los conciertos se dan comúnmente al otro lado de la ciudad, en puntos directamente opuestos: en un solar contiguo al edificio Pellas, o en otro del Centro Comercial Galerías Santo Domingo, la Concha sirviendo por ende exclusivamente por manifestaciones políticas que, realmente, no la necesitan, lo que revela claramente que la elección del lugar de ubicación de ésta correspondió más a razones de simbolismo del lugar que de uso real o de adecuación con la centralidad del mismo en el ámbito ciudadano de la Managua post-terremoto y post-guerra "conurbanada" -), de hecho, ubicar en el mero centro de la ciudad, entonces, "casas del pueblo", de techos bajos y de materiales prefabricados, para poblaciones de escasos recursos, las cuales, también queramos o no, son focos de delincuencia (por la misma miseria que las asola y que no resuelve el único hecho de tener casa), es un error, más aún para países como el nuestro que pretenden a voces en grito volverse países turísticos para sublevar el problema de la falta de industria propia (es decir, sustituir la ausencia de economía productiva por una economía de servicios).</div>
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Por otra parte, estas colonias que se parecen a cuarteles tienen las características de los mismos: son agrupaciones de casas, pero sin lugares de diversiones. Nos opondrán que igualmente ocurre con las urbanizaciones para personas acomodadas, por ejemplo del mismo Santo Domingo. La gran diferencia es que dichas personas tienen carros. Así que el aislamiento, buscado por estas familias, y que corresponde por ellas a medidas de protección contra el resto de la población, es una ventaja, mientras que para la clase más pobre y necesitada el aislamiento se vuelve hacinamiento, como ocurre con todos los proyectos de edificios para pobres en el mundo. Se quiso, en los años 1970 sustituir los barrios de chabolas del mundo por apartamentos en edificios decentes, pero se logró sustituir nada más un gueto por otro.</div>
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Una ciudad como Managua, que, por su misma falta de idea organizativa en el planteamiento territorial post-terremoto (que, si bien hubo propuestas aisladas e individuales, nunca existió a nivel político ni administrativo), conoce suficiente problemas de cercanía entre zonas públicas y zonas de delincuencia, y no necesita que se le agregue más.</div>
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Así, cerca del antiguo centro de la ciudad, del que estamos hablando, está el caso del sector de la rotonda del Güegüence, donde se ubican, yuxtapuestos, por una parte lugares de supermercado, bancos y cinemas, que se extiende hasta Plaza Inter, con, por otra, ventas de chatarra y de asaltantes en los semáforos, por lo que permanecen policías en este sector. Citemos también la rotonda Rubén Darío, que desemboca en la zona universitaria por un lado, en el Centro Comercial MetroCentro, el primero construido a finales de la década de los 90, por otro, la Catedral, que hace frente al Centro, y el primer edificio PizzaHut de Nicaragua, frente a la avenida que desemboca hacia la Catedral (pasemos por alto las asociaciones y curiosidades mentales que se nos pueden ocurrir al respecto), conjunto entonces que es de una zona aparentemente decente, de hecho se extiende hacia la zona residencial adinerada de Los Robles, donde están varias sedes de ONG, así como de la única librería de Nicaragua (Hispamer) y del Centro Nicaragüense de Escritores, y que termina en la Zona Hippo, lugar de restaurantes caros, donde se encuentran los fines de semana los niños ricos. Ahora bien, en esta misma zona es que están instaladas, aparentemente de por vida, una casas de bolsas de basura frente a la PizzaHut y en la entrada de la avenida de palmeras hacia la Catedral. Es en el reparto San Juan, que colinda con Los Robles, que es común que los taxistas asalten a los estudiantes, robándoles sus laptops o, en defecto, si son estudiantes de escasos recursos, su poco dinero y sus zapatos. Es hacia MetroCentro, donde los guardianes de seguridad pasan el día afuera de varios bancos, oficinas de préstamo y de la misma librería mencionada, que en el 2011 asesinaron a vista y paciencia de todos a un estudiante de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería.</div>
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Dr. Norbert-Bertrand Barbe</div>
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DEBATES SOBRE LA ARQUITECTURAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06573709105299668595noreply@blogger.com2